WiFi Pineapple - 6th Gen: NANO / TETRA
  • WiFi Pineapple NANO/TETRA
  • Getting Started
    • About the WiFi Pineapple NANO/TETRA
    • The WiFi Auditing Workflow
    • The PineAP Suite
    • The Web Interface
    • Upgrading the Firmware
  • Setup
    • Setup Basics
    • WiFi Pineapple NANO - Linux Setup
    • WiFi Pineapple NANO - Windows Setup
    • WiFi Pineapple TETRA - Linux Setup
  • Internet Connectivity
    • Internet Connectivity Basics
    • Internet Connection Sharing on Kali Linux
    • Internet Connection Sharing over Ethernet in Windows
    • Internet Connection Sharing over Ethernet in Linux
    • Wired Internet Connection
    • WiFi Client Mode
  • Console Access
    • Console Access Basics
    • Secure Shell
    • Serial Access - WiFi Pineapple TETRA
    • Working with PineAP from the CLI
  • Basics of WiFi Operation
    • Basics of WiFi Operation
    • Radios and Chipsets
    • Stations and Base Stations
    • Transmit Power
    • Channels and Regions
    • Protocols
    • Modes of Operation
    • Logical Configurations
    • MAC Address
    • Broadcast Address
    • Service Sets and Identifiers
    • Management Frames
    • Frame Types
    • Frames and Frame Structure
    • Frame Injection
    • Association States
  • FAQ / Troubleshooting
    • Serial Console on the WiFi Pineapple TETRA
    • Ethernet on the WiFi Pineapple TETRA
    • LED Status Indicators
    • Power Considerations
    • Factory Reset
    • Firmware Recovery
    • Manual Firmware Installation
  • Development
    • Legacy WiFi Pineapple Mark V Modules (Infusions)
    • Specifications and Power Considerations
    • WiFi Pineapple NANO/TETRA Module API - Introduction
    • WiFi Pineapple NANO/TETRA Module API - Authentication
    • WiFi Pineapple NANO/TETRA Module API - Modules
    • WiFi Pineapple NANO/TETRA Module API - module.php API
    • Creating WiFi Pineapple NANO/TETRA Modules
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  1. Basics of WiFi Operation

Channels and Regions

Radio spectrum is divided up into channels. In the 2.4 GHz spectrum there are 14 channels, with channels 1, 6, 11 and 14 being non-overlapping. As described above in terms of bandwidth, the first channel in the 802.11g protocol begins at 2.400 GHz and ends at 2.422 GHz for a total bandwidth of 22 MHz. The first channel is then described as being centered at 2.412 GHz.

Channel availability is determined by region, with North America only having legal use of channels 1-11 while Europe and most of the world may use channels 1-13. Japan is special and gets access to all of the channels including 14 all to itself.

The 5 GHz spectrum is much more complicated in regards to bandwidth and channel availability by region with further restrictions on indoor/outdoor use. In the United States the FCC designates U-NII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) bands 1-3 available, with 45 channels in total operating in 20, 40, 80 and 160 MHz bandwidth.

The WiFi Pineapple NANO operates in the 2.4 GHz band while the WiFi Pineapple TETRA operates in both the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands.

It’s also important to note that similar to modes of operation, a radio can only occupy one channel at a time. For this reason channel hopping is necessary in order to obtain a complete picture of the given spectrum. For example when performing a Recon scan, the WiFi Pineapple will switch one of its radios into monitor mode to passively listen on a channel. The radio will take a moment to note any data of interest on each channel before moving on to the next.

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Last updated 3 years ago